fs: honor encoding option in glob APIs

[jorgitin02]

Summary

• honor encoding for fs.globSync(), fs.glob(), and fsPromises.glob() so encoding: 'buffer' returns Buffer paths and Buffer dirent names with withFileTypes
• avoid mutating cached dirents by cloning at output conversion boundaries
• add regression coverage for buffer parity, invalid encoding, absolute-pattern behavior, and document the option/return types (including async iterator buffer output)

Testing

• python3 tools/test.py test/parallel/test-fs-glob.mjs test/parallel/test-fs-glob-throw.mjs test/parallel/test-fs-readdir-buffer.js test/parallel/test-fs-readdir-types.js

#59202.

[jorgitin02]

Compact update: this addresses the #59202 review blockers (no cached-dirent mutation, YAML metadata added, invalid-encoding + absolute-pattern tests).

[codecov]

Codecov Report

❌ Patch coverage is 96.42857% with 5 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.
✅ Project coverage is 89.66%. Comparing base (4d0cb65) to head (8aaa9f4).
⚠️ Report is 5 commits behind head on main.

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
lib/internal/fs/glob.js	96.42%	2 Missing and 3 partials ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main   #62068      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   91.63%   89.66%   -1.97%     
==========================================
  Files         337      676     +339     
  Lines      140376   206327   +65951     
  Branches    21768    39541   +17773     
==========================================
+ Hits       128627   184994   +56367     
- Misses      11527    13464    +1937     
- Partials      222     7869    +7647     

Files with missing lines	Coverage Δ
lib/internal/fs/glob.js	92.24% <96.42%> (+5.57%)	⬆️

... and 458 files with indirect coverage changes

🚀 New features to boost your workflow:

• ❄️ Test Analytics: Detect flaky tests, report on failures, and find test suite problems.
• 📦 JS Bundle Analysis: Save yourself from yourself by tracking and limiting bundle sizes in JS merges.

[Tseian]

It cloud be better if the user only can pass an encoding option of Buffer.from . Is the encoding option value buffer not necessary?

[jorgitin02]

Thanks, good question. I kept encoding: 'buffer' intentionally because the original issue is about preserving raw filename bytes for names that are not valid UTF-8. Restricting this to string encodings would still force decoding and would not solve that case. This follows the existing fs pattern where buffer is the opt-in for returning raw bytes, and I kept withFileTypes consistent so dirent.name follows the same behavior.